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Neurologic symptoms of pellagra include headache, fatigue, apathy, depression, ataxia, poor concentration, delusions, and hallucinations, which can lead to confusion, memory loss, psychosis, and eventual death (27)

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Available treatments such as levodopa, dopamine agonists and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors offer only symptomatic relief however, they do not treat the underlying neurodegeneration, emphasising the need for neuroprotective management

Under dual depletion of cystine and GSH, HepG2 cells underwent ferroptosis, characterized by a marked increase in lipid ROS and rescue effects of Fer-1 (Fig