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Importantly, crucial fatigue, exercise intolerance and myalgia are not specific of ME/CFS, but are shared by patients suffering from primary mitochondrial diseases with mutations in either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (188)

Although assessment of tissue antioxidant levels has merit as a biomarker of oxidative stress, this approach is not without weaknesses

75 Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor inhibitors Ozanimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator that regulates lymphocyte migration and blocks infiltration into inflamed mucosa

Of the 3 subtypes of JNK, JNK1 and JNK2 are most relevant to our interest, and they will be collectively referred to as JNK