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In patients with renal impairment, the exposure to concomitant medications that are primarily renally excreted (e.g., digoxin) may increase

However, not all patients benefit equally from immunotherapy because of the multiple immune evasion mechanisms that develop in tumors, including inhibitory immune checkpoint expression, poor immune cell infiltration, and the release of immunosuppressive molecules (Zhang et al., 2020)

MRI-based biomarkers, such as T2 mapping and dGEMRIC, can identify early OA and assess repair quality over time, aiding both in patient selection and long-term monitoring (Trattnig et al., 2011

A key example of this is the production of IFN- by NK cells, which activates macrophages to enhance bacterial killing via phagocytosis and ROS production (142, 143)