For bone healing applications where results genuinely matter, using verified, high-purity peptides is not optional
MOTS-c What it is : Mitochondrial-derived peptide (16 amino acids) Mechanism : Enhances mitochondrial function Improves metabolic efficiency Increases NAD+ utilization Regulates energy metabolism Benefits : Improved energy and endurance Enhanced fat burning Better insulin sensitivity Increased exercise capacity Metabolic optimization Dosing : 5-10mg 2-3x weekly Cost : $80-150 per month Best for : Athletes, metabolic health, energy optimization Humanin What it is : Mitochondrial-derived peptide (24 amino acids) Mechanism : Protects mitochondria from stress Enhances NAD+ pathways Neuroprotective effects Anti-inflammatory Benefits : Cognitive protection Neuroprotection Metabolic benefits Longevity support Cellular stress resistance Dosing : 1-5mg daily Cost : $100-200 per month Best for : Cognitive health, neuroprotection, anti-aging SS-31 (Elamipretide) What it is : Mitochondrial-targeted tetrapeptide Mechanism : Concentrates in mitochondria Enhances ATP production Improves NAD+/NADH ratio Reduces oxidative stress Benefits : Enhanced cellular energy Improved mitochondrial function Cardioprotective effects Neuroprotective benefits Exercise performance Dosing : 5-10mg daily Cost : $150-250 per month Best for : Serious mitochondrial support, heart health, neurological conditions Note : Less commonly available, more expensive Cerebrolysin (indirect NAD+ support) What it is : Neurotrophic peptide complex Mechanism : Enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Supports mitochondrial function indirectly Neuroprotective Benefits : Cognitive enhancement Neuroprotection Recovery from brain injury Memory improvement Dosing : 5-10ml IM 2-3x weekly Cost : $200-400 per month Best for : Cognitive optimization, brain health, recovery from TBI Note : Not pure NAD+ booster but supports mitochondrial health Most accessible option: MOTS-c For most people : MOTS-c offers best balance of effectiveness, availability, and cost Second choice : Humanin for cognitive/neuroprotection focus Advanced users : SS-31 for maximum mitochondrial support MOTS-c dosing and protocols Most popular NAD+ peptide for general use
Twelve received BPC-157 alone and four received BPC-157 with TB4
Sigma-Aldrich) were cultured in DMEM media (Gibco) supplemented with 15% FBS (Gibco) and 1% PSN (Gibco)
