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Interestingly, the incubation with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) upon treatment with NP4 resulted in reduced levels of apoptosis, suggestive that the cytotoxicity of NP4 is related to intracellular redox homeostasis (Supplementary Fig

Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

Nevertheless, translating these approaches to clinical practice faces challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, immune resistance mechanisms, and lack of robust biomarkers [268]

Apigenin suppresses hyperproliferation by modulating the cell cycle and reducing inflammatory mediators