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Intracellular superoxide and hydrogen peroxide concentrations: a critical balance that determines survival or death

Although red blood cells lack mitochondria, hepatocytes exhibit altered OXPHOS and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity upon parasite infection ( Plasmodium infection decreases host mitochondrial respiration while increasing glycolytic flux, mirroring the Warburg-like effect seen in cancer cells ( Similarly, Toxoplasma gondii , an obligate intracellular protozoan, forms a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within host cells, which closely associates with host mitochondria in a process termed host mitochondrial association (HMA) ( Toxoplasma gondii reduces parasite growth and virulence, underscoring the importance of mitochondrial hijacking for parasitic survival (Powell et al., 2024)

In addition, ferritinophagy also participates in the regulation of intracellular iron levels, that is, it sends ferritin to lysosomes for degradation (Mancias et al., 2014)

A novel molecular class that recruits HDAC/MECP2 complexes to PU.1 motifs reduces neuroinflammation