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Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases

In contrast, evidence for chronic neuroinflammation in subcortical structures such as the CN remains more limited, although reversible inflammatory gene expression changes have been reported in the IC and MGB in salicylate models (Xia et al., 2020

Consequently, pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF- can be secreted by macrophages (60)

And, like Bufka, she cautions that when assessing creatines effect on anxiety, the limited research leaves us with limited answers. Creatine and Mood A review suggests that creatine might have an antidepressant and mood-improving effect