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Curcumin enhances the activity of intrinsic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), while decreasing levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation

Why the Glutathione Index Is the Best Indicator of Brain Oxidative Stress The GSH/GSSG ratio reflects the activity of the enzyme glutathione reductase which is responsible for the transformation of GSSG (used, oxidised) to GSH (the reduced or fully loaded form that acts as a radical scavenger)

Rhabdomyolysis may present as myopathy (myalgia, myasthenia, muscle cramps, muscle weakness, muscle tenderness, fatigue), elevations in creatinine phosphokinase (CPK), or renal dysfunction (renal tubular obstruction)

1.6 Biochemical and metabolic profiling The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders generally involves a complex physiopathology that includes age-related changes, abnormal function and accumulation of brain proteins, inflammation, disruption of energy homeostasis, hormonal imbalances, metabolic imbalances, DNA damage, among other processes (Gadhave et al., 2024)