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Other studies have shown that PA improved hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis in vitro and in vivo by regulating the AMPK pathway, which indicated that PA showed potential as a functional food therapeutic for the treatment of obesity (Xu et al., 2021)

In addition, they enhance both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms, such as increasing the activity of SOD, catalase, and GSH, thereby increasing the bodys scavenging capacity (Miguel et al., 2021

Furthermore, exploring synergistic effects, either between different polyphenols or with conventional treatments, and identifying biomarkers to predict individual responses are crucial steps toward personalized nutrition strategies for OA

Reactive oxygen species and endothelial functionrole of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and Nox family nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases