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In contrast, the Trinity Ulster Department of Agriculture Ageing Cohort Study (TUDA) study did observe a positive association of folate with depression risk using erythrocyte folate (instead of plasma folate) as a marker of folate status, though the study did not control for important covariates such as vitamin D status (Reference Moore, Hughes and Hoey17)

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However, immune cells (e.g., CD8 + T cells and NK cells) showed impaired effector functions, with reduced or no killing of MM cells in an in vitro flow cytometry assay, compared with patients who responded to treatment [33]

Routine assessment of B-complex vitamin adequacy, either through periodic serum measurements or dietary evaluation, may help identify individuals at risk before irreversible neurological impairment develops