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Kayl AE, Seabrooke LF, Forman AD, Andreeff M

Mitochondrial damage is recognized as a central factor contributing to PD neuropathology, and loss of function mutations in tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and parkin, two proteins involved in the clearance of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy, are involved in the neuropathology of inherited PD (Kitada et al., 1998

Instead, they directly oxidize or reduce analytes using catalytic reactions on the electrode surface

Among these, coumarin and L-leucine showed the highest test statistics and lowest p-values, indicating stronger group separation relative to other metabolites, while L-octanoylcarnitine and kaempferol exhibited more moderate but consistent differences