Systemic copper metabolism Cu is an essential element in virtually all living organisms, and numerous studies have shown that Cu serves as a cofactor for a variety of key metabolic enzymes that drive a broad range of physiological processes
This group consists of two subclasses: (I) highly reactive free radicals, including the superoxide anion (O 2 ), the hydroxyl radical (OH), alkoxyl (OOR) and peroxyl radicals (OOH) [1,2,3] and (II) nonradical species such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) [4,5], ozone (O 3 ), and the hypochlorite anion (OCl ) [6,7]
Figure 5 3.3.1 Formation of the persistent inflammatory microenvironment The absence of a cell wall and unique immune evasion mechanisms enable MP to achieve long-term colonization and persistent infection within the host respiratory tract
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