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These new structures include 2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines or so-called open-ring derivatives, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates with 5-azacytosine as a base moiety, side-chain fluorinated ANPs, aza/deazapurine ANPs

10.1007/BF00687787 154

Upon activation by conditions inducing ER stress, CHAC1 expression is upregulated primarily through the PERK-eIF2-ATF3/4 signaling pathway, independent of other UPR branches like IRE1-XBP1

In particular, L-carnitine reduces the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase, ubiquitin and caspase 3 typical markers of cell stress