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The estimated average water loss to leakage is 11%

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 37.Hentze MW, Muckenthaler MU, Andrews NC

Furthermore, lactate can be metabolically coupled to histone modifications: excess lactate inside the cell can be converted to lactyl-CoA, which non-enzymatically acylates histone lysines to form histone lactylation marks (such as H3K18-lactyl) 40

When ERS occurs, GRP78 binds to misfolded proteins and dissociates from PERK, IRE1, and ATF6, activating downstream signaling pathways to inhibit DNA transcription and translation, prevent protein synthesis, and accelerate the degradation of aberrant proteins, thus regulating the adaptation of the intracellular environment