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Partecipa anche alla rimozione dei prodotti metabolici cellulari, dall'interno verso l'esterno

Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction and related oxidative stress can activate the innate branch of the immune system, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines influencing various depression-related pathophysiological mechanisms: monoaminergic neurotransmission disruption, tryptophan degradation toward neurotoxic catabolites, glutamate-related excitotoxicity, decreased neurotrophic factors and alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [3, 33, 59]

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 25:6773 Nelson T, Zhang LX, Guo H, Nacul L, Song X (2021) Brainstem abnormalities in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a scoping review and evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging findings

In animal models, running increases neurogenesis in the hippocampus and angiogenesis in cortex, improving oxygen and nutrient delivery