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While there is no data yet to conclusively support B12 supplementation, in isolation, as a means to combat this, these data are being collected and may support this theory

Demonstrating biological activity whether administered systemically, locally, orally, or intraperitoneally in pre-clinical models and and by the breadth of its cytoprotective, tissue repair, and angiogenic effects across virtually every organ system examined in the research literature

For comprehensive guidance, consult clinical protocols as referenced by the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

1 Introduction Prolactinomas (PRLomas) are the most common type of functional pituitary adenomas (PAs) ( PRL-secreting PAs are an exception among other PAs, as pharmacotherapy is the first line of treatment ( 2 Epidemiology PRLomas are the most common type of PAs and account for about 53% (39.9-66.2%) of them, with a marked female predominance ( In males, PRLomas are notably larger than those in females and, at the time of the diagnosis, are likely to be macroadenomas with high serum PRL concentration ( PRLomas are also the second most common type of pituitary carcinomas (PC), representing up to one-third of them and approximately 0.04% of all pituitary tumors ( Most often, PRL-secreting PAs occur sporadically, but up to 5% of cases develop as a component of the familial genetic syndrome, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1), MEN-4, Carney complex, familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) and familial pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma/pituitary adenoma (3PA) syndrome ( 3 Pathogenesis As mentioned above, PRLomas in men, in comparison to women, are usually larger, more invasive and show higher PRL concentration at the time of the diagnosis ( Histological, molecular and clinical factors differences between lactotroph tumors in women and men are summarized in Figure 1