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Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR)- ligand, but not PPAR-, ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rat liver

Heterogeneity between trials was accommodated by applying random effect models

Weight of evidence: Overall evidence is Low-Moderate: multiple animal studies and a growing number of small clinical trials suggest benefits across gutbrain signaling, social and behavioral domains, gastrointestinal symptoms, and neurophysiological patterns, yet most human studies rely on caregiver-reported outcomes, lack biomarker integration, and seldom control for diet, comorbidities, or baseline microbiome composition

Therefore, the actual transport mechanism, i.e., symport and/or antiport is a still an open question: it can be speculated that OCTN2 may show different transport features according to isoforms and to the tissue in which it is expressed (Ohashi et al., 1999