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Compared with non-smokers, primary ATII cells from patients with COPD exhibited diverse structural changes, such as reduced mitochondrial area and perimeter, and impaired mitochondrial cristae arrangement

*** poor solubility in culture medium and toxicity against cells

Studies have shown that neuromuscular electrical stimulation could promote muscle protein synthesis, increase muscle mass and improve diaphragm muscle strength and fatigue resistance (Maddocks et al., 2016), especially for patients with moderate and severe COPD with limited exercise capacity

Activation of the AR complex can also occur via crosstalk with other signaling pathways, such as those mediated by the non-receptor tyrosine kinases Src and Ack1 139,148,149,150,151