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For instance, exposure to manganese can decrease the levels of GSH and the activity of antioxidant enzymes like CAT, GPx, SOD, and GST in rat models

HPLC + mass spec

Consistent with its disruptions of mitochondrial respiration reflected in the cells OCR measurements, CB-839, starting at low concentrations of 0.1 to 1 M, also decreased the ATP pool in the HG-3 (P = 0.02) and MEC-1 (P = 0.01) cell lines, as measured using high-performance liquid chromatography ( Figure 2D ).The levels of other nucleotides remained stable at all concentration points

When taken orally, glutathione is largely broken down in the digestive system, reducing the amount that reaches the bloodstream and, consequently, the cells