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Several viruses, including IAV and HIV-1, utilize mitochondrial apoptosis to facilitate viral spread, although some delay apoptosis early in infection to optimize replication ( 2.5 Viral-induced mtDNA release and cross-talk with innate immune signaling pathways Once released into the cytosol, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) functions as a potent DAMP that activates multiple innate immune pathways

ALA has the remarkable ability to reduce oxidized glutathione back into its active, free-radical-scavenging state, effectively recycling the body's antioxidant reserves while simultaneously supporting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

Receptor mechanism and selectivity

doi: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00456-6 226 KullisaarTZilmerMMikelsaarMVihalemmTAnnukHKairaneCet al