heteroplasmy and glutathione Mitochondrial DNA has always been the odd relative in genetics: tiny, separate from the main genome, packed inside the cell's energy factories. Unlike nuclear DNA, mtDNA exists in many copies per heteroplasmy and glutathione of Wild-Type

USA 94 , 14411446, (1997)

Indeed, oxidative stress-induced drop of bile flow and/or decrease of the bile salt-secretory rate becomes aparent before leakage of cytosolic hepatocellular enzymes or increments in intracellular GSSG levels is induced by administration of different pro-oxidant compounds to isolated perfused rat livers.70,75 Likewise, in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets, an in vitro model for the study of hepatocanalicular function, the secretion of fluorescent bile-salt analogues into the canalicular vacuole was impaired by low concentrations of the pro-oxidant compounds, tBOOH and 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, even when GSSG intracellular levels and cellular viability were unaffected.98 Finally, also in the couplet model, a dissociation between apical secretion of fluorescent bile-salt analogues and the amount of GSSG produced in the cell by the oxidizing effects of redox-cycling quinones has been reported.99 Overall, these results suggest that more subtle changes in the machinery involved in bile formation occur under mild oxidative stress conditions

SOD2 upregulation is crucial for retinal oxidative balance, with its deficiency resulting in heightened oxidative stress markers and increased oxidative damage [81,82,83]

ascorbate therapy appears safe and does not adversely affect renal function