The KidneyIntelX platform utilizes plasma levels of KIM-1, soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF) receptor-1, and sTNF receptor-2 to predict diabetic kidney disease progression over 5 years [130] A biomarker panel comprising serum creatinine, osteopontin, tryptase, urea, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) achieved an 84.3% accuracy in predicting CKD progression [131] Combining standard markers such as creatinine and cystatin C with sensitive biomarkers such as beta-trace protein (BTP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, TGF-, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), TNF-, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (proBNP) have shown improved diagnostic performance for early CKD detection [132] Panels integrating tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-1, TNFR-2, and KIM-1 have demonstrated superior predictive accuracy for renal function decline The kidney injury test uses urinary markers including cell-free DNA (cfDNA), methylated cfDNA, clusterin, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), total protein, and creatinine to generate a diagnostic score with high sensitivity and specificity, even when eGFR and proteinuria remain within normal ranges For AKI detection, urinary biomarker panels combining NGAL, KIM-1, cystatin C, and hemojuvelin have shown strong predictive value
Studies show that IGF-1 plays a crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, and regeneration, making it a key component in muscle development, metabolic health, and neuroprotection
Scr Mater 48:10611066
Eisa NH, El-Sherbiny M, Abo El-Magd NF
