A slightly increased concentration of hydrogen peroxide leads to the activation of several key signaling pathways, such as the NF-kappaB pathway (Valko et al
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External cholesterol can directly activate the oncogenic Hedgehog pathway, and internal cholesterol can induce mTORC1 signaling ( 2.4 Effects of metabolism on immune cells in the TME Tumor-infiltrating immune cells have dual characteristics, some of which have the function of inhibiting tumor proliferation and metastasis, such as CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, M1 macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), etc., while others may be beneficial to tumor development, including Treg cells, M2 macrophages ( The proliferation of tumor cells and immune cells depends on glycolysis, and tumor cells compete for glucose, which makes immune cells lack nutrients and unable to perform their functions ( When glucose availability is limited within the TME, tumor-infiltrating immune cells may undergo metabolic reprogramming to sustain their functional capacity, notably by increasing the uptake and oxidation of fatty acids (FA)

In this strategy, the carbon nanodots can act as nanoscale inhibitors of cisplatin to overcome bacterium-induced gemcitabine resistance