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Abbreviations FAO: Fatty Acid Oxidation acyl-CoA: acyl-Coenzyme A BCAA: Branched-Chain Amino Acid BCAC: Branched-Chain Acylcarnitine LCAC: Long-Chain Acylcarnitine OXPHOS: Oxidative Phosphorylation BCFA: Branched-Chain Fatty Acid VLCFA: Very Long-Chain Fatty Acid C16-Carnitine: palmitoylcarnitine CPT1A: Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 A TML: 6-N-trimethyllysine TMLD: 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase HTML: 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine TMABA: 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde HTMLA: 3-hydroxy-6-N-trimethyllysine aldolase TMABA DH: 4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde Dehydrogenase BB: -Butyrobetaine BBD: -Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase OCTN: Organic Cation Transporter Novel CrAT: Carnitine Acetyltransferase CrOT: Carnitine Octanoyltransferase TMA: Trimethylamine TMAO: Trimethylamine-N-oxide TMAVA: Trimethyl-5-Aminovaleric Acid PDC: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase IRI: Ischemia-Reperfusion injury AKT: Protein Kinase B PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase AMPK: AMP-Activated Protein Kinase JNK: c-Jun N-terminal Kinase mTOR: mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase NF-B: Nuclear Factor B Nrf2: the Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 TNF-: Tumor Necrosis Factor CAT: Catalase COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 ERK: Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase ROS: Oxygen Species MDA: Malondialdehyde SOD: Superoxide Dismutase MyD88: Myeloid Differentiation factor 88 ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum PGC-1: Peroxidase proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1 PPAR: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor GST: Glutathione-S-Transferase GSH: Reduced Glutathione GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase GSSG: Oxidized Glutathione TBARS: Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances NLRP3: NOD-Like Receptor Thermal Protein Domain Associated Protein 3 COX2: Cyclooxygenase-2 Cyt c: Cytochrome c HO-1: Heme Oxygenase-1 FOXO: Forkhead box O IGF-1: Insulin like Growth Factor-1 BDNF: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor NGF: Nerve Growth Factor NQO1: NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 References Baker SA, Rutter J

218 Furthermore, in animal research, intermediate and heavy alcohol intakes were found to temporarily but dramatically suppress glymphatic function, potentially leading to brain cell damage, whereas light alcohol intake was shown to increase glymphatic clearance

Carnosine and its constituents inhibit glycation of low-density lipoproteins that promotes foam cell formation in vitro

Hemodialysis procedures decrease free, short-chain, medium-chain, and dicarboxylic acylcarnitines but do not affect long-chain acylcarnitines [33]