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These include regulation of mechanisms controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause macromolecular damage 16,17 , mitochondrial turnover or mitophagy 18 , and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt ), in which mitochondrial damage can be prevented by the removal of aggregated or unfolded proteins 19

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1669643 Received 20 July 2025 Accepted 08 September 2025 Published 01 October 2025 Volume 15 - 2025 Edited by Xuelian Huang, University of Washington, United States Reviewed by Chengcheng Liu, Sichuan University, China Santhiyagu Prakash, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, India Yuncong Li, Xian Jiaotong University School of Stomotology, China Updates Copyright 2025 Wang, Du, Jia, Qin, Liu, Cai and Wang