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Regulators of PINK1 localization are potential targets for therapeutic approaches to modulate mitophagy, Chief among them is ATPase family AAA domain containing 3A (ATAD3A), a protein that regulates PINK1 importation and degradation, and autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1 (AMBRA1) which can inhibit the action of ATAD3A and promote PINK1 stabilization on the outer mitochondrial membrane (Di Rienzo et al., 2022)

Some reports have shown serum albumin levels as a biomarker for CHE [21, 134], and others suggested several candidate markers including vitamin D levels and neuroinflammation- and neuroinjury-related markers such as S100B, neurofilament light chain, and glial fibrillary acidic protein [135,136,137,138]

The test was performed three times to ensure accuracy

Freeburn RW, Armstrong L, Millar AB (2005) Cultured alveolar macrophages from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) show dysregulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) inductions