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Abbreviations EGCG: Epigallocatechin gallate PAL: Phenylalanine ammonialyase CCL-7: Cinnamate-CoA ligase-like 7 CHS: Chalcone synthase CHI: Chalcone isomerase FNS-II-2: Flavone synthase-II-2 F6H: Flavone-6-hydroxylase F8H: Flavone-8-hydroxylase UBGAT: Flavonoid 7-O-glucuronosyltransferases PFOMT: Flavonoid-O-methyltransferases Ka: Absorption rate constants CaCO-2: Colon carcinoma cell (human) AUC: Area under the curve C max : Maximum concentration T max : Maximum time V d : Volume of distribution K d : Dissociation constant HSA: Human serum albumin CCSHT: Component compatibility Sanwu-Huangqin-Tang FSR: Flavonoids fractions of Radix Scutellariae UGTs: UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases UDP: Uridine diphosphate SULTs: Sulfotransferases COMT: Catechol-O-methyl transferases MRP: Multidrug resistance associated protein BCRP: Breast cancer resistance protein OATP: Organic anion transport polypeptide EF: Ejection fraction FS: Fractional shortening ANP: Atrial natriuretic peptide BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide ROS: Reactive oxygen species FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1 FOXO3a: Forkhead box class O3a HL: Cardiac myocyte cell line PARP: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase SOD: Superoxide dismutase GRP78: Glucose-regulated protein 78 CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein VSMCs: Vascular smooth muscle cells ALP: Alkaline phosphatase Runx2: Runt-related transcription factor BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein SM22-: Smooth muscle 22- -SMA: Alpha smooth muscle actin IVSD: Interventricular septum thickness in diastole LVID: Left ventricular internal dimension MDA: Malondialdehyde Bax: Bcl-2 associated X protein IL: Interleukin TNF: Tumor necrosis factor Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2 TLR: Toll like receptor MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase NF-k: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells H9c2: Cardiomyoblasts cell line DAMPs: Damage associated molecular patterns PAMPs: Pathogen associated molecular patterns IKK: Ik kinase IkB: Inhibitor of Ik LC3-II: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II PERP: P53 apoptosis effector related to PMP-22 JNK: C-JUN N-terminal kinase MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 Ica-L1: L-type calcium current FLSs: Fibroblast-like synovial cells MC3T3-E1: Osteoblast precursor cell line derived from mouse calvaria AKT: Protein kinase p53: Tumor protein ErbB: Erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homologue mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes OCN: Osteocalcin Col 1: Collagen type 1 SiRNA: Small interfering RNA OVX: Ovariectomized BMD: Bone mineral density TRAP: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand p-4E/BP1: Phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein p-S6K1: Phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 TCA: Tricarboxylic acid PDE: Phosphodiesterase ICR: Institute of cancer research C AMP : Cyclic adenosine monophosphate C GMP : Cyclic guanosine monophosphate APP/PS1: Amyloid precursor protein/Presenilin 1 transgenic mice NO: Nitric oxide PGE2: Prostaglandin E2 iNOX: Inducible nitric oxide COX: Cyclooxygenase GFP-A: Green fluorescent protein with amyloid beta 6-OHDA: 6-Hydroxydopamine SIRT: Sirtuin AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase SUR1: Sulfonylurea receptor IRP: Iron regulatory protein RNS: Reactive nitrogen species MMP: Matrix metalloproteinases BNIP3: Bcl2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein IGF1R: Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor LPS: Lipopolysaccharide BV2: Mouse microglial cells GDNF: Glial derived natriuretic factor NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer HeLa: Henrietta Lacks SiHA: Human cervical squamous cell carcinoma miRNA: MicroRNA CirCHIAT1: Circular RNA hippocampus abundant transcript ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase SMYD2: SET and MYND domain-containing protein 2 RPS7: Ribosomal protein S7 EMT: Epithelial mesenchymal transition p70s6K: P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase CHK2: Checkpoint kinase 2 ERS: Endoplasmic reticulum stress A: Amyloid beta hTau: Human Tau PHFs: Paired helical filaments BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Trk: Tropomyosin receptor kinase B CREB: C AMP response element-binding protein DNMT: DNA methyltransferase GABA: Gamma aminobutyric acid GABRD: Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit delta PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PIP: Phosphotidylinositol phosphate PDK: 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase Ras: Rat sarcoma Raf: Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma PSD-95: Postsynaptic density protein DCM: Diabetic cardiomyopathy NADP: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH: Reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate cTn-I: Cardiac troponin GSK: Glycogen synthase kinase STZ: Streptozotocin MPO: Myeloperoxidase NLRP: Nod-like receptor protein GLP1r: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor CaMKII: Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II GLUT4: Glucose transporter ATF: Activating transcription factor HO: Heme oxygenase IRS: Insulin receptor substrate LOX: Lipoxygenase CO: Carbon monoxide IPF: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis MCP: Membrane cofactor protein PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 MH-S: Murine alveolar macrophage HIF: Hypoxia inducible factor TGF: Transforming growth factor CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor OVA: Ovalbumin IgE: Immunoglobulin E BALF: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor PCOS: Polycystic ovarian syndrome DHEA: Dihydroepiandrosterone KGN: Human ovarian granulosa tumor cell line GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase FTH: Ferritin heavy chain ACSL4: Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 PMA: Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate THP: Human monocytic leukemia PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA-PE: Polyunsaturated fatty acid-phosphatidylethanolamine FAT: Fatty acid translocase CD36: Cluster of differentiation FATPs : Fatty acid transport proteins LPCAT: Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase ALOXs: Arachidonate lipoxygenase DMT: Divalent metal transporter DPPH: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl SRB: Sulforhodamine B PDI: Polydispersity index EE: Entrapment efficiency DL: Drug loading HME: Hot melt extrusion ADM: Adipogenic differentiation medium PVP: Polyvinylpyrrolidone TEM: Transmission electron microscopy DLS: Dynamic light scattering References Ahmadi M, Shahbahrami R, Esfehani MAN et al (2025) Direct antiviral effects of Baicalin and Baicalein against SARS-COV-2: a systematic review

doi: 10.26444/aaem/122628, 75 HaiderH

In addition to a high socioeconomic burden and significant morbidity/mortality, depression has been ranked as the single largest contributor to global disability and suicide deaths[3,5,10-13]