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Controlled postmortem studies that carefully match PD cases to controls on key variables including age, post-mortem interval, and clinical cause of death are essential to isolate disease-specific vascular signatures from terminal systemic effects ( These cellular and molecular signatures align with in vivo observations of progressive BBB dysfunction, but uniquely highlight how newly formed or remodeled vessels may lack the structural integrity necessary to support neuronal health, but also highlight how confounding factors related to mode of death can impact BBB structure and should be accounted for in study designs

Studies indicate that neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in driving neurodegenerative processes in PD

Four other studies reported no statistically significant differences in glutathione levels in the posterior medial frontal cortex [23], mPFC [24] or anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [25, 26]

Doege H, Baillie RA, Ortegon AM, Tsang B, Wu Q, Punreddy S, et al