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Once GSH is depleted, ROS and reactive nitrogen species escalate, leading to increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage

In particular, these cells highly express the monocarboxylate transporter MCT4 on their plasma membrane, which transports intracellularly accumulated lactate into the microenvironment, accelerating glycolytic flux [41, 42]

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010022

With the advent of new technologies and a deeper understanding of neuronal metabolism, the field is poised for significant breakthroughs that could transform our approach to treating neurological disorders (Lee and Silva, 2009)