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These data suggest that increased spermidine intake can also improve cardiovascular and metabolic health (Reference Wang, Li and Zeng102)

However, to date a single accepted cutvalue for serum B12 indicative of deficiency has not been established

Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur less frequently as a result of nutritional habits (strict vegans, breastfed infants born to vegan mothers with reduced dietary intake of animal products), drug interference (metformin, proton pump inhibitors, drug-affected purine, and pyrimidine synthesis), inherited disorders affecting intrinsic factor (IF) and other inherited disorders including methylmalonic acidemia and transcobalamin II deficiency nitrous oxide abuse, Diphyllobothrium latum infection, and pancreatic insufficiency.[] Metformin is considered a cornerstone in the treatment of diabetes and is the most frequently prescribed first-line therapy for individuals with type 2 diabetes

Ziv Y, Schwartz M (2008) Immune-based regulation of adult neurogenesis: implications for learning and memory