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Mol Cell Biochem (2009) 322:12735

doi: 10.3390/antiox13070832 160 PurgasonAZhangYHamiltonSRGridleyDSSodipeAJejelowoOet al

Paraxanthine enhances memory and neuroplasticity more than caffeine in rats

Other herbs like Rehmannia and Ligustrum lucidum support calcium homeostasis and enhance parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion ( 2.1.3.2 Preventing muscle loss and preserving insulin sensitivity Both Astragalus and yam have demonstrated protective effects against diabetes-related muscle wasting by modulating mitochondrial function through the Rab5a/mTOR signaling axis ( Radix vasculus and Radix phellodendri have been shown to counteract muscle atrophy via regulation of the Akt/mTOR/FoxO3 pathway ( 2.1.3.3 Optimizing gut microbiota composition Phytochemicals from Scutellaria baicalensis , such as baicalin, can elevate levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) generated by intestinal microorganisms ( Alkaloids from mulberry branches and polyphenols from Magnolia officinalis, including magnolol, help modulate gut microbiota by promoting a balanced distribution of beneficial flora