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Previous research demonstrated that nitrosative stress could be induced by the macrophages activated by the circulating Ti particles, thereby increasing the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS)

Conversely, M2 macrophages demonstrate diminished antigen-presenting capacity, releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-10 or TGF-, and suppressing immune responses [122]

Acts as a Powerful Antioxidant: L-Glutathione functions as a major antioxidant in the body, combating oxidative stress caused by free radicals

450 , 451 Therefore, the spatial distribution differences of gut microbiota, through the regional release of metabolic products, have become a key factor in regulating the pathology and cognitive function of specific brain regions