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This proves particularly valuable for inflammatory conditions or post-workout recovery

Proposed pathways include modulation of multiple neurotransmitter systems (influencing serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate levels), possible involvement of NMDA receptors, alpha-1 adrenergic signaling (e.g., potentiating pineal acetyltransferase activity), inhibition of somatostatin release via dopaminergic routes, reduced ACTH/cortisol for stress buffering, and stimulated growth hormone or somatoliberin secretion

For example, most studies report that NCs are present in skeletally mature non-chondrodystrophic dogs, pigs, ferrets, rabbits, rats, and mice [4, 5, 8, 41], whereas in chondrodystrophic dogs, goats, horses, cows, and sheep, they disappear before skeletal maturity is reached [4, 5, 8, 80]

Lippincott, 1912)