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However, because T cells exhibit tremendous heterogeneity, sophisticated measurement technologies are urgently needed to characterize metabolic profiles (including the expression levels of metabolic genes, the activity of metabolic enzymes and the abundance of metabolites) at single-cell resolution (Table 2) (Fig

Farnesol inhibited the expressions of MMP-2 and 9, thereby reducing cell migration and invasion

Early exhausted T cells also increase their glycolytic activity during chronic viral infection, whereas terminally exhausted T cells exhibited a decline in their overall metabolic activity, including glycolysis [18]

However, a subsequent study revealed that CTSB contributes not only to the activation of trypsinogen within acinar cells but also within infiltrating macrophages, thereby exacerbating pancreatitis through NF-B nuclear translocation and the production of inflammatory mediators