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L-Carnitine acts as a carrier molecule, escorting fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane, where they are converted into energy through a series of enzymatic reactions

Although Fpn was initially identified as the iron exporter, more recent findings suggest that Fpn also interacts with Mn, zinc, and cobalt to export them from the cell (Troadec et al., 2010

L-glutathione can be broken down by stomach acid and digestive enzymes when consumed orally, leading to poor absorption

In addition, several residues (C670T675) that link the N-terminus of this long -CT helix to the N-terminus of the unliganded -CT interact with the FnIII-1 domain, and serve as an anchor to couple the two -CTs (Fig