Abbreviations 5-ASA: 5-aminosalicylic acid CAT: Catalase DAI: Disease activity index NK: Natural killer NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ROS: Reactive oxygen species SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids sIgA: Secretory immunoglobulin A SOD: Superoxide dismutase Th: T helper cells TJ: Tight junction TLR: Toll-like receptors TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ZO: Zonula occludens References Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Colombel JF
NF-B: nuclear factor kappa B, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, AP-1: activator protein-1, STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, HIF: hypoxia inducible factor, Smad7: mother against decapentaplegic 7, Smad3: mother against decapentaplegic 3, CCN2: connective tissue growth factor, EGF: epidermal growth factor, FGF: fibroblast growth factor, HGF: hepatocyte growth factor, NGF: nerve growth factor, PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor, TGF-: transforming growth beta factor, PhK: phosphorylase kinase, PKC: protein kinase C epsilon, PAK: protamine kinase, Pp60c-tk: pp60c-src tyrosine kinase, CAMK: Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase-3 , AMPK: activated protein kinase, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, IL-1: interleukin-1, IL-2: interleukin-2, IL-5: interleukin-5, IL-6: interleukin-6, IL-8: interleukin-8, IL-10: interleukin-10, IL-12: interleukin-12, IL-18: interleukin-18, MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein, MaIP 1: macrophage inflammatory protein 1, TNF-: tumor necrosis factor , MMIF: macrophage migration inhibitory factor, LXR: liver X receptor, FXR: farnesoid X receptor, AR: androgen receptor, AHR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor, CXCR4: chemokine receptor 4, EGFR: EGF receptor, H2R: histamine H2 receptor, HER-2: human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, IR: integrin receptor, DR5: death receptor-5, EPCR: endothelial protein C receptor, FR: Fas receptor, PPAR-: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor , COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, LOX: lipoxygenase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, CAT: catalase, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, ODC: ornithine decarboxylase, HAT: histone acetyltransferase, FPT: farnesyl protein transferase, AATF-1: arylamine N-acetyltransferase-1, iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase, NQO-1: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, PhpD: phospholipase D, SRC-2: Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2, GST: glutathione-S-transferase, HO-1: heme oxygenase-1
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